Brushing technique for all for life!

Take care of your teeth for life

Teeth are very important part of our body and are equally important to be taken care of for life as these are the means of proper chewing and mixing of food that we eat and they prepare the same for onward digestion propelling to alimentary canal or gut.

The day the first tooth erupts the duty to clean the same and keep eating fit starts for the individual. Overall it is seen that set of milk teeth or temporary teeth or deciduous teeth or baby teeth are most neglected in the life as the idea that these will fall to get replaced by permanent teeth prevails in everyone's mind!

In fact the baby teeth are contributing to  very important aspects for permanent teeth and those  are, they not only reserve the place for erupting  following teeth but also guard and help proper formation and development of the same. Even if the crowns of the baby teeth are decayed an attempt must be made to preserve the roots of the same as the successor teeth enamel is well formed and developed if the roots are intact and standing well in healthy condition.

The teeth must be brushed with the help of the soft variety bristled brush and a tooth paste preferably a gel type with Fluoride salt as an ingredient ranging from 900 ppm to 1000 ppm. The first tooth when erupted must be brushed without a tooth paste but the brush soaked in lukewarm water the later removed by a jerk, and thus the initiation of habit brushing is being cultivated in child's mind. In baby teeth the toothpaste with Fluoride salt must be used with caution or should never be used, I feel, as it will damage more than benefit the child. Best is to start the same when child knows how to rinse/gargle thoroughly and wash the paste by spitting in the spittoon or wash basin.

Fluoride, as an active ingredient of the tooth paste, combines with the superficial layer of the enamel forming a Calcium salt that is harder and stronger then normal enamel, for the decay to penetrate through and thus shields the tooth from getting decayed fast. This Fluoride salt of the toothpaste when accidentally regularly taken in or not spat out or ingested or swallowed gets deposited into the forming bones of the child rendering them not only harder but brittle as well thus rendering them more prone to fracture when child falls down while playing or even on pressure. As a result the child must be taught to spit out  properly at proper place with thorough rinses later if Fluoride containing toothpastes are to be used.

Bristles must be soaked in lukewarm water to render them softer to cause less injury or laceration to tender mucosa and skin of lips,cheek and this will help also the child to accept the brushing procedure.

Water jerked off the brush will make saliva dribbling less and make child comfortable and accepting to brushing technique or procedure.

The baby teeth must be brushed by a back and forth movements with only total two to three strokes per tooth and never more as that may cause injury and the child will then never allow brushing! Since the height of the baby teeth is less, the advanced method is not advocated for brushing.

Daily, twice brushing is must in order to keep teeth healthy, first when woke up in the morning and secondly when before just going to bed. Morning brushing if missed can be understood, however, should never be habitual, whereas, the brushing before going to bed must never be missed, as that allows the food particles left behind after supper, get fermented and an acid thus formed acts on the surface walls, more in the area between the two teeth or crevices,thus demineralizing, rendering more prone to get decayed and cracked. Child sleeps longer at night and thus the food never gets changed from the place rendering the same to get fermented, whereas, during the day time, the child keeps on eating different types of food and that does not get time or give time for the food stuck up, to get fast fermented, again drinking water, rinses,saliva swallowing, tongue and ckeek movements reduce the chances of the food to get fermented fast and cause any or much damaging effect.And the scene of agony and continuous pain is more so evident when the tooth is already decayed and the acid formed for not brushing at night, causes severe irritation.

Brushing habit, thus cultivated at childhood, renders the person when grown up more acceptable, healthy and health conscious and caring for the next generation or others.

When all the permanent teeth erupted the teeth must be taken care of a special way and more like a responsible citizen should be looked after.

Emphasis must be given to clean the area between the two teeth or crevices of the teeth and between the teeth that is line angles and point angles formed by the teeth.

Again the softer variety bristled brushes are advocated with multi tufts,and the teeth must be brushed with the gel type toothpastes to cause less wear and active ingredient like fluoride is must with 900-1000ppm.

Brushing, must be done at least twice a day, as earlier said, once when up from the bed and next before going to bed. Just remember---BBAB! Before bed the most important of the two,however, later-After bed is also important to be acceptable to the society, freshening up and for further day to day activities.

The optimum pressure is advocated while brushing, such that the bristles of the brush not only glide against the tooth surface but also move over and along the gums thus cleansing the same. The brush must be held in with palm grip and the cheek surface of the teeth is to be brushed with moving of the brush in 180' by wrist movements up and down, thus, not only the surface of the teeth is cleaned but the bristles of the brush actually pass along and through the crevices of the teeth - the area between the two teeth and the gum margin. The chewing surface may be cleaned or brushed with, back and forth movements of brush strokes.The inner surfaces of the teeth and the crevices may be cleaned by the combination of the two methods described earlier with taking care not to be brushing heavily and thus injuring the gums.

Wisdom teeth require a special innovated method to keep clean and healthy. Upper wisdom teeth must be cleaned or brushed by 180' wrist movements of up and down strokes after keeping the front teeth meeting edge to edge and then passing the brush from the sides till the last portion of the jaw arch. Since the last molars or wisdom teeth are placed more towards the cheek side the brushing them this way gives proper and good results. Also while jaws are open the Ramus of the mandible or the upper projection of the mandible bone actually covers the third molars or upper wisdom teeth and normal position of the jaws open will never give access to the brush to the last portion of the upper jaws.

The lower wisdom teeth are to be seen actually in the mirror, mouth fully wide open and then brushed, confirming the actual movements of bristles of the brushes and the bristles must be moved such that they clean the top surface,side surface, the area behind the tooth- the back surface and the gum that may be overlaying or behind the tooth.

Brushing is never said completed or it is never complete when tongue is not cleaned or say cleansed to be more specific. Tongue must be cleansed by a strong metal strip like plate that has a grip both sides and a metal strip thick enough to cleanse over the surface of the tongue so that the white coating of the tongue mainly comprising of food particles,thick saliva bacteria etc.  is got rid of thus rendering the tongue more sensitive to taste and freshness. Following this the mouth is cleaned with frequent rinses and gargles by fresh cool water.

Dr Pramathesh Panchal

Dental Surgeon

Mumbai India.

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Md Rafi's last Ghazal tuned by great Music Director Shri Naushad

Jees raat ke khwaab....




Jees raat ke khwaab aaye, Woh khaabonki raat aayee,
Sharamaake jhooki nazaren, Hothonpe Woh baat ayee.


Payagaam baharonka, akheer mere naam ayaa;
Foolone duwayen dee, Taronka salaam ayaa;
Aap aye to mehfil me, Nagmon ki baraat ayee.....Jees raat ke...


Ye mehkee huee zulfen, Ye bahekee huee saanse;
Nindon ko churaa legee, ye nind bharee ankhen;
Takdeer meree jagee, Jannat mere haath ayee.....Jees raat ke..

Chehre pe tabasoom ka, ek noor sa jhalakayaa;
Kyaa kaam charagonkaa, Jab chaand nikal ayaa;
Lo aaj doolhan ban ke, pahalume hayaat ayee.....Jees raat ke..


This song was recorded the last by Late Mr Md Rafi for the film Habba Khatoon and Music being directed none other than our beloved Mr Naushad Saab.

The night has finally come my way about whose dreams I had been getting always!
Her eyes were showing acceptance and that was evident from her lips as well!

At last the message from the universe has come to me with flowers blooming all around and stars twinkling brightly, your attendance to the place has given rise to beautiful melodious songs!

Your hair locks with enchanting fragrance,and high breathing rate along with half opened eyes will take away my sleep tonight as I feel my luck has smiled on me and I have acquired a paradise!

On seeing me there was a flash of smile on your face and I felt there was no necessity of even subdued lights when whole Moon has come out here and as if in person my beloved has come in my arms and hugged me!

I think I too will await such a situation in my life to come  as I feel I will definitely be blessed by the universe as I love her tremendously. I really love you T2.

Dr Pramathesh Panchal
Mumbai India.

HAMEN TO AB BHI VOH GUZARAA ZAMAANAA YAAD AATA HAI.....

Hamen to ab bhi voh guzaraa zamaanaa yaad aataa hai, Tumhe bhi kya kabhi koi deewanaa yaad aataa hai?

I still remember the past days, do you remember ever someone mad about you?

What to tell it is very difficult to ever forget past days that were so pleasant and exciting! Do you ever remember? Just not forgettable ever as those remain in memory, life long, may be welcome or may be worth forgetting though!


Havayen tez thi,barish bhi thi,toofaan bhi tha lekin, Tera aise mein bhi vaadaa nibhanaa yaad aataa hai.

There was a strong wind,so was raining and the storm was present however you kept promise and came to meet me.

People around were not happy though, and they even suggested you may bash my face for not listening to you and remain with the others yet you came to take me to be with you all for watching and moving about at Lumini park at Hyderabad  ( you even took out tickets for me to take me in!


Guzar chuki thi bahot raat batonbatonme, Pheer uthke voh tera shammaa bujhanaa yaad aataa hai!

It was very late in night while continued long talk of ours and I remember you got up to blow off the flame!

Of course I was sitting alone at the table for dinner while at Hyderabad hotel "Bavarchee" and you called me to join with you all at your table and when I already had ordered my likes you wanted me to find if I liked your choice you nearly emptied your half of the Beeriyaani dish to mine and asked me to eat! No doubt your choice was too good and after all it was from your hands! I have full love and regards towards you really even now! How can I refuse? How can I disrespect my love and how can I do so to you? Never ever in dreams even!    I love you Titu.


Ghatayen kitani hi dekhi hai par mujhe israar, Kiseeka rukhpe voh zulfen giraana yaad aataa hai!

I have seen many monsoon clouds but let me admit I remember falling of  long hair locks on someone's face!

Beautiful faces are many in the world and yet the mind wishes to see the one and only one in my mobile cell
a beautiful face covered with long strands of hair locks on the face, and face looking skywards ambitious upright and smiling!   Just can't stop loving you and start hating you darl'.


Again a beautiful Ghazal sung by the great Ghulam Ali, I love this Ghazal too!

Dr Pramathesh Panchal.
Mumbai India.

TU KAHIN BHI RAHE.....

Tu kahin bhi rahe sar par tere iljhaam to hai, Tere hathon ki lakiron men meraa naam to hai!

Wherever you may stay you are definitely responsible for certain situations and also there is a line in your palm denoting my name!

There are indications that there has been a relation between us and you just cannot deny that!


Mujhako tu apnaa banaa ya naa banaa teri khushee, Tu jhamane men mere naamase badnaam to hai!

It is your pleasure to accept me or avoid me but people know and relate you to me when situation arises!

Dr Waseem, Shrikant Sethi, Sameet, Dr Dattatrey Satgir, to name few definitely ask about you whenever meet me!


Mere hisse men koi jaam na aaya naa sahi, Teri mehfil men mere naam koi shaam to hai!

I may not have received any glass of liquor yet I have been present at your party in the evening!

You may have not considered me ever due to preoccupation of yourself yet I have been definitely
in your life may be for a short period of time!


Dekhakar log mujhe naam tera lete hain, And I am very happy as this is the result of love between us!

On seeing me people take your name and very appropriately I am happy that this is the result of love between us!

People knowing us definitely ask about your well being and ask about your health and of course I am happy as they could understand correctly the love between us!


Woh seetamgar hi sahi dekh ke usko Sabeer, Shukra hai iss dilebimaar ko aaraam to hai!

Sabeer she may be a torturer yet on seeing her face I do feel a peace of mind!

Very true as there may be an attitude of avoidance yet I definitely feel peace of mind whenever I see her photographs in my mobile cell!


What a coincidence that this album of great singer Ghulam Ali was released during the period when I was studying Forensic Science at Institute of Forensic Science Mumbai during 2010-2011 and got involved with so called Titoo and the story everybody from the class knows!

Dr Pramathesh Panchal. 
Mumbai India.

ODONTOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION IN FORENSIC SCIENCE

ABSTRACT

Here in an attempt is made to relate culprit & victim precisely, exactly & perfectly so that a full proof case against the culprit can be prepared & the victim can be helped so as to get justice & culprit gets punished to the maximum.

A set of bite marks were made by victim on the hands of the culprit who was trying to sexually assault the victim later impressions of the victims oral cavity were made, models were prepared in dental stone & plaster of Paris, the models thereafter were articulated on the culprits bite-marks on the hand & thus the models were super-imposed & comparison was made so as to identify precisely & exactly the relation between the victim & the culprit.

INTRODUCTION

Odontology is the special science pertaining to the oral cavity and teeth and the relation of the same to Forensic Science while in functional aspect and otherwise so as to relate the same to the crime and criminal so as to get justice to the victim and thus help in judiciary and bring down the crime rate.

Odontology can be most helpful when in Sexual assault cases, child abuse assault cases, crimes against women and destitute and helpless people or the ingredients of the societies where no finance and so costly equipment are required for relating the culprit to the crime and victim thereby is needed.

The human race has two varieties of teeth in their life time and very rarely the third variety that is called as a) Primary, b) Secondary and very rarely the c) Tertiary.

a) Primary teeth also called as milk teeth or baby teeth comprise of in all 20 teeth with 10 of upper or Maxillary teeth of which 2 are central incisors, 2 are lateral incisors, 2 are the canines 2 are premolars or bicuspids and 2 are molars or grinders and similarly so are the mandibular teeth thus completing 20 teeth such that each quadrant of the jaw has 5 nos of teeth as follows: 1 Central, 1 Lateral, 1 Canine, 1 Premolar & 1 Grinder.

It is very important to note that there are hardly any variations seen in this numbers or the morphology or even placements of the teeth of this type and thus child has always a very exact and the fixed such types of teeth.

Anatomically if seen and observed the milk teeth have a root about the double size of the crown when just erupted and these teeth are to be well accommodated in a smaller jaws and hence they are of smaller sized too, except in case of the canines which have a root longer than the double the size of crown, thereby, giving it an uniqueness in characterization.

Morphologically if seen the incisors have more cutting edge and hence the Central incisors have nearly the double the cutting edge as compared to the Lateral incisors which are bit smaller and thus it can be seen that biting edge of around one and half of the Lateral incisor is equivalent to one Central incisor, whereas the Canines have hardly any either cutting edge or the grinding surface and so they are used more as for tearing of the food or any material and that is why they have longer roots too, thus giving them a very strong foundation and bone support.

Sometimes the roots go as long as three times as compared to the crown of the same tooth.

The premolars or bicuspids have more of the grinding surface and the molars have yet more nearly double the surface that of a premolar so that they are specialized teeth for grinding the food and the surface thereby increased by elevations of the teeth getting engaged into the depressions of the teeth thus while getting in action the teeth get engaged with each other perfectly well and in definite pattern such that the maxillary teeth get engaged to the outer side of the mandibular teeth as the maxillary as well as the mandibular teeth are in arch form and placed so as to form a parabola like curvature when the line drawn from the centre of each tooth like arch form.

The premolars of the milk teeth very nearly resemble the premolars of the permanent teeth and molars of the milk teeth very nearly resemble the first molar of the permanent teeth the only difference is the shape of the outline form of the placement that milk teeth will have a smaller arch form shape whereas the permanent teeth will have a bigger arch form shape as that will belong to an adult person.

In all the jaws of the mammals lower jaw being the mobile type with the joint responsible for the movement is termed as Temporo-mandibular joint, situated just in front of the tragus of the ear where the side locks of the hair just end and the same can be felt with fingers when the jaw is opened and closed while keeping the finger near the tragus of the ear both sides.

Except in case of the huge reptile the crocodile where the upper jaw is mobile since all mammals and man too has the lower jaw mobile the mandibular jaw is placed a bit inner side to the placement of the maxillary jaw and hence the closure of mouth is done or facilitated by the contraction action of the muscles of mastication viz. Massater, Medial Pterygoid and Temporalis which are very strong sets of muscles on either side of the jaws and never get disused atrophic even never used for months together whereas all the muscles of the body do get disused atrophy when not used due to sickness or accidents as in during immobilization!

However the opening of the mouth or the depression of the mandible is brought about by the contraction of the Lateral Pterygoid muscle the fourth pair muscles of mastication on either side of the jaws at the condoyle of the temporo-mandibular joint.

The muscle pulls the mandible so that the gravity action of the mass of the mandible dislodges it from the joint and brings it forward so as to cause the opening of the mouth.

The Permanent teeth comprise of 16 nos of teeth in each Maxilla and Mandible and are 8 teeth in each Quadrant such that there are 2 Central Incisors, 2 Lateral Incisors, 2 well grown up Canines, 2 first Premolars, 2 second Premolars, 2 first Molars, 3 second Molars and finally 2 third Molars or Wisdom teeth or the grinders or molars which have no virtually any relation to the wisdom of a person but it erupts when an individual is well grown up and has developed quite a bit of intelligence.

Like baby teeth the central as well as the lateral incisors have a more of a cutting edge more or less of the same proportion as discussed earlier as in baby teeth and the crown and the root ratio is also the same and the roots are generally of the double the size of the crown of the tooth and the anteriors have always a single roots and very rarely may be a bifid root or a small root attached to the main root.

Canines have a much longer root and may be extending to about at times 3 times the length of the crown and these have a bulky crown so as to be used for tearing of the food as well as leathery material and these comprises of a very strongest of the teeth and if healthy then can tear apart anything that comes in way! These also have a single root but at times due to genetic variation may attribute bifid or auxiliary roots.

First Premolar has a bit smaller size and shape as compared to the Second Premolar and also that the roots are single or laminated or bifid in case of the First Premolars but Second Premolars have two separate roots which may be fused at a length and may be curved or joined for entire length.

The First Molar has a nearly two times the bulk of the premolar and has three roots invariably and rarely there may be fusion of buccal roots to one root or laminated or bifid root but the palatal root is always separate and some amount of divergence is seen in their placements.

This tooth or grinder is also considered as a key tooth as it is this tooth that first erupts and then the milk teeth or the baby teeth start falling in sequence and the newer or the permanent teeth start erupting chronologically as per their completion of crown formation and the formation of the roots starts that pushes the tooth to the mouth and thus eruption starts.

And also it is true of the Second Molars when the crown is little smaller in size as compared to the first molar and also it is placed slightly outwards on the cheek side and has two roots or three even as the first molar and even has a variation of all the roots fused together or divergent rarely.

The Third Molars are however more placed on the cheek side out of the arch and at times not even meeting the opposite teeth or antagonists due to such placements and may be biting cheek while eating and thus causing trauma and injury to the cheek.

The mandibular teeth are the ones which receive wear and tear on the outer side whereas the maxillary teeth always receive wear and tear on the inner side as a result of the outer side of the placement to the mandibular teeth.

The opening of the mouth is about 3 to 4 fingers wide (the distance between the two Central Incisors of Maxillary and Mandibular teeth) of an individual such that the teeth upto premolars as in case of an adult and upto first molars in case of a child can be used by an individual while biting and the conditions like Angular chelosis, Sub Mucous Fibrosis, cuts on lips, injuries to jaws/teeth may restrict the opening of the mouth thereby reduction of bite marks of an individual and the doubtful co relation to victim and culprit.

The jaws when open form an angle between the Dental arches that reduces the space as we go inner side and hence the grinders or the molars are never utilized while biting action and hence they cannot be exhibited on the actual biting but these can be recorded so as to show the continuity of the dental arch.

The carnivorous animals have the teeth with more of the biting and tearing edge with all of the teeth and they are more of the pointed edges on the teeth surface whereas the herbivorous animals have the teeth with more of chewing surfaces as a result their teeth have more of grinding surfaces and their teeth are flat surfaced too like stumps and there are spacing too in all the teeth of the carnivorous as well as herbivorous animals.

And there is absence of Amylase enzyme too in the saliva of the animals.

Both the varieties of these animals have the tongue texture with lot of sharp scales and hence giving horny or very rough surface texture as compared to a human tongue that has very smooth and velvet like surface texture.

The bite marks can be observed on a surface bitten only up to maximum of the second bicuspids' extent and the reason for this is that while doing the biting action the Central incisors contact each other with the antagonists of the other jaw and this results in to a space between the bicuspids and the molars and is known as the curve of Spee or the angle of Spee.

The second incisors or the lateral incisors meet at little distance away as compared to the Central incisors and the Canines meet at very closely as the Central incisors do and later the bicuspids meet at a little less leaving the distance between the two sets of the teeth representing the curve of Spee and the curve of Spee further increases such that molars and the third molars do not meet each other while in biting action and all the teeth meet each other only when in Centric occlusion or while chewing action is in progress.

Hence the bite records can match the teeth of the culprit or a victim or the recorded models even only up to the limitations of the second bicuspids or very rarely even the molars can show the evidences.

Bite marks offer clue in woman's murder

LUCKNOW: The bite marks on 60-year-old woman who was found dead at her Papermill colony residence on March 20 could lead the police to the killer. In a new trend, the police have sought the help of a forensic Odontologist (a dentist who assists in criminal investigation) to crack the case.

According to a forensic Odontologist, the bite marks could be that of a woman. This points towards the possibility that a woman was involved in the murder.

Anita Sharma, wife of Late SK Sharma, a resident of B-2/3, Papermill Colony, was found strangulated at her home. The door of the house was ajar. Anita was found dead on the floor of the house.

Anita's postmortem report had confirmed two bite marks on her hands. After getting the autopsy report, ASP Aliganj Anees Ahmed Ansari sought the help of Dr Vikram Ahuja, chief dentist at Shushrut Institute of Plastic Surgery (SIPS).

Dr Ahuja confirmed to TOI that the bite marks in all probability are that of a woman. Dr Ahuja, who took training in forensic odontology from Cardiff University, UK, lifted the two bite marks from Anita's body and collected all minor details. Since the marks were lifted after postmortem, the accuracy of the result would be over 70% he said. If the marks had been taken before autopsy, the accuracy would have been 100%, he added.

Detailing about the science, Dr Ahuja said human teeth leave prominent marks. In the flesh, they leave noticeable bruises or puncture marks. The distinctiveness of the bite mark is used for the identification of the person. For example, gaps or abnormalities present in the teeth of a suspect are compared with the bite mark to see whether it is logical to say that the suspect's teeth made the bite mark or not, Dr Ahuja added.

Every detail of the bite mark, like color, size, appearance, location and number of times the victim was bitten are recorded. Photos of the bite marks and samples are taken. Based on these impressions, a dental mold is made and a profile of the criminal is drawn, said Dr Ahuja, adding that if a suspect has been arrested, their dental records are taken and compared to the bite marks for verification.

To be able to match a suspect with a bite mark, the mark is documented using photographs, said Dr Ahuja. Then a record of the suspect's teeth is acquired where odontologists take an impression of the teeth in silicon rubber. The impression is set using plaster to make a replica of the gums and teeth and compared with the samples. These photos and replicas are then compared with the crime scene bite mark, he further said.

Meanwhile, ASP Aliganj told TOI that bite marks found on Anita's body were matched with three suspects. One suspect has been ruled out by Dr Ahuja, but the other remains under scanner, he added.

Reference : - http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-03/lucknow/31280811_1_marks-gums-and-teeth-impression (Last Accessed on 12th December 2012) 

METHODOLOGY

A female of aged 16 years here after called as victim, was asked to bite on the fore-arm of a man aged 60 years here after referred to as a perpetrator & in doing so the bite marks were generated on the fore-arm.

The above situation was created such that it appeared as assault took place.

The bite-marks were recorded by taking their photographs.

In the photograph indentations of teeth was clearly visible on the fore-arm of the culprit.

The upper & lower jaw impressions of the victim were made by mixing Alginate impression material with water in a bowl & then loading the material in dental perforated impression trays.

On setting of the impression material the impression trays were removed from the mouth, washed & wetted with water & left for further procedure.

In another rubber bowl dental stone was mixed with water in proper proportion so as to get creamy flowing homogenous mass which with the help of plaster spatula was poured in the impression taken & plaster was allowed to flow in the final cavities & negative records of jaw arches created by making impression.

Methodology

The dental stone, supported by base of plaster of Paris was allowed to set for about 60 to 70 minutes & later on confirming complete setting of the same by filling the warmth of the models, the same were separated from the impression material by tapping so as to get exact positive identical replica of dental arches & surrounding tissues.

The distance between the 2nd premolar of right side to that of left side of each upper and lower arch was measured by the scale in centimeters, and also the perpendicular distance to mesial diastima on this inter premolar line was measured and also compared to with the bite marks of the victim’s model and the culprit’s actual bite marks and this very exactly matched with each other whereas those models considered for comparison of the  same age group with three other individuals never matched so perfectly!

COMPARISION

The dental arch models thus received were positive record of the dental arches of the victim & when these were held & super imposed with the bite marks generated on the fore-arm of the culprit.

The bite marks received on the fore arm of the culprit was also compared with those of other three sets of Dental models of the persons of the same age group and was seen that these last three models did not superimpose vividly exactly due to placements of teeth, different arch forms, and absence of certain teeth.

RESULT & DISCUSSION

The dental arch models of the victim & the teeth setup exactly matched with that of the bite-marks of the fore-arm of the culprit.

Thus the bite marks given by the victim to the culprit exactly & very precisely match with each other unless the culprit or suspect is nabbed after lapse of very long time or the  culprit or suspect receives medical help in the mean time he gets before being nabbed.

CONCLUSION

Thus with the help of models generated by taking impressions of the dental arches of the victim we can compare the bite marks generated on the body parts of the culprit & the presence of culprit is exactly precisely & specifically confirmed with that of victim while the crime is being committed & victim can get justice by requesting maximum punishment to the culprit.

The preparation of the database of the bite marks will not serve the purpose as the victim’s bite marks   on already nabbed suspect’s forearm are to be compared with and the presence of the culprit is to be confirmed while the crime is being committed. The database only will be useful when there are so many bite marks recorded and the marks are to be compared with that of the culprit when the suspect has biting tendency and bitten so many people around thus committing to crime. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I hereby acknowledge the help rendered to me in completing this presentation & I am thankful to the following people for their support.

1. Voomivarada Panchal

2. Anoop Kumar Srivastava

3. Srikant Sethi

4. Madhavi Nevalkar

Above research paper was presented & accepted in DNA international Forensic Conference 2012 at Hyderabad on 16^th December 2012. It was also presented at the Indian Dental Conference at Science city Kolkata 2013.

By Dr. Pramathesh Panchal
Mumbai India.

E-Mail: - pramatheshpanchal@gmail.com
Mobile:  091 9833411181.

CRIME AND CRIMINALITY

It is true that right from the beginning of the human life the crime at some place and some time evolved and yet at times it was unnoticed at times noticed, so often even noticed ones got suppressed and never allowed to be surfaced forcibly and at times the circumstances wiped them off from the existences!

Any action done with approval of the others'safeguarding interests at that moment does not call for being declared that action as a crime, and so there are instances when the interests are not met with or safeguarded in future at times people knock the doors of courts for justice which felt denied by them!

When at the grass root level if studied the crime requires some type of provocation to occur which may be of relation to the crime with immediate type or may be many years of lapse could  have occurred. And this very fact confirms that some very peculiar type of provocation is must for the reactionary crime to occur. Not only this but also the sense of inhibition of the subject is also of prime importance, for example a poor nude woman may be daily passing by thousands of office goers near the railway station yet hardly any passerby will ever think of raping her, even many will just ignore and continue their journey to station. In those passengers group there may be one or two hard core criminals too may be known for similar crimes!

Reactions of people passing by may vary from person to person like 1. some may just ignore,2.some may see and curse the fate of hers or government,3.some may think of giving clothes at next visit,4. some may find interest in observing the private parts of the woman,5. some may get even excited and run for the corner to give justification to their erection experienced,6. some may meet and carry on with discussions and compare  situations! and even subjects too! Thus reactions from person to person to the situation varies drastically and may be even there is no relation to the reaction of the other and may be altogether quite different only!

It is seen from the above that out of all citizens very few get involved in criminal activity and that too after quite may be long or may be short provocation and they are those who do not have a very less or negligible sense of inhibition.Yet another example may be a good support to the above thought and that goes as follows:

A bag of or a purse of money is seen lying on the ground and so many passers by are going through the lane. 1. one person sees that purse and stares and may be he would have picked up the purse had he been alone in the lane but others were watching him so he decides to go ahead,2.the other man just kicks the same and displaces so as to find out if anything is in store for him of his interest and walks over,3.a person shouts after picking up if the purse belonged to someone passing by and on no response from the passersby throws away with a view that some one may think him or the person may find his purse in his hand may think him to be a pickpocket and he may be inviting trouble unnecessarily while going to work!4.another onlooker finds it interesting and straightway picks up the purse,pockets and walks away as if nothing had been noticed only,thus he starts dreaming of good supper and enjoyments ahead in the evening! There may be other situations for the incident and the point is however, the last person could not control over his senses and picked up the purse and never thought of even what the person whose purse was lost must be in difficult times!

Thus the situations like wise explain very vividly and correctly the reason for the crime to evolve:

1. The crime to be set in requires provocative situation,

2.The criminal has to be lacking sense of inhibition. There are instances when among group of five gang rape culprits there may be an odd man out who may not be interested in raping the victim as that may not be appealing to him only and he may be an aid to the crime and prove an accomplice.

3.The criminal definitely waits for the opportunity to come, for his favor and this time may be small or the big, and it is seen that when longer time is there at times the crime does not occur only and that may be related to the sense of inhibition that could be arising in his mindset prepared for otherwise crime.

From the above it is imperative that to control over crime one must take into account above mentioned facts and should see to that such situations do not arise or allowed to arise so as to bring down the crime rate.

Dr Pramathesh Panchal,

Mumbai,India.